53:20Max Hodak explains that brain-computer interfaces are a broad class of technologies, with different designs suited to different medical needs. He describes Science’s Prima retinal implant, which stimulates bipolar cells to restore useful black-and-white vision, and explains why preserving retinal processing can produce coherent images. The talk also covers neuroplasticity, the promise and tradeoffs of biohybrid neural interfaces, and how neural engineering may complement drug discovery. Hodak shares how he started Neuralink and Science, and argues that advances in electronics and neuroscience could expand BCI applications over the coming decade.